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什么是 Promise?
Promise
是异步编程的一种解决方案:从语法上讲,Promise
是一个对象,从它可以获取异步操作的消息;从本意上讲,它是承诺,承诺它过一段时间会给你一个结果。Promise
有三种状态:pending(等待态)
,fulfiled(成功态)
,rejected(失败态)
;状态一旦改变,就不会再变。创造Promise
实例后,它会立即执行。
Promise/A+ 规范
详细介绍了该then
方法的行为,提供了可互操作的基础
所有Promises/A+
兼容的Promise
实现都可以依靠该基础来提供
因此,该规范应被认为是非常稳定的。尽管Promises/A+
组织有时会通过向后兼容的微小更改来修订此规范,以解决新发现的极端情况,但只有经过仔细考虑,讨论和测试之后,我们才会集成大型或向后兼容的更改。
实现 Promise
Promise 是具有 then 行为符合本规范的方法的对象或函数。
javascript
const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
// 异步处理操作
// 处理结束后调用resolve或reject
});
Promise States
Promise
是一个状态机,有三种状态分别是pending(等待)
、fulfilled(完成态)
、rejected(失败态)
。当Promise
处于完成或者失败状态时,它的状态不可变
javascript
const PENDINT = 'pending';
const FULFILLED = 'fulfilled'; // 处于此状态时,状态不可变
const REJECTED = 'rejected'; // 处于此状态时,状态不可变
- then 方法
Promise
必须提供一种then
访问其当前或最终价值或原因的方法。then
方法接受两个参数,并且这两个必须是方法,且都有默认值
javascript
promise.then(onFulfilled, onRejected);
- then 必须返回一个 Promise
javascript
then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
let promise2 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
// 这里对返回值进行处理
})
return promise2;
}
WARNING
- 如果
onFulFilled
或者onRejected
返回一个值x
,需要对返回值进行处理 - 如果任何一个
onFulFilled
或onRejected
发生异常e
,则promise2
必须以e
为异常为onRejected
理由
Promise Resolution Procedure
javascript
// 使用此函数对promise2和x进行处理
// 在`resolvePromise`函数中进行处理时,需要添加一个变量进行`Promise state`控制
resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
如果
x
和promise2
是同一个Object
,则抛出类型错误javascriptif (promise2 === x) { return reject(new TypeError('Chaining cycle detected for promise #<Promise>')); }
如果
x
是不为null
的对象或者函数,则需要做取值 then 操作javascriptif ((typeof x === 'object' && x !== null) || typeof x === 'function') { try { let then = x.then; if (typeof then === 'function') { then.call( x, y => { resolvePromise(promise2, y, resolve, reject); }, r => { reject(r); } ); } else { resolve(x); } } catch (err) { reject(err); } // 此过程中需要使用try catch 包裹,如果有错误,则调用reject } else { // 如果`x`只是一个普通的值,则返回即可 resolve(x); }
My Promise 的全部实现代码
javascript
let PENDING = 'PENDING';
let RESOLVE = 'RESOLVE';
let REJECT = 'REJECT';
const isPromise = x => {
if ((typeof x === 'object' && x !== null) || typeof x === 'function') {
if (typeof x.then === 'function') {
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
} else {
return false;
}
};
const resolvePromise = (promise2, x, resolve, reject) => {
// 判断promise2 和 x 是否相等,如果相等则会死循环
if (promise2 === x) {
return reject(new TypeError('Chaining cycle detected for promise #<Promise>'));
}
// 如果 x 是不为Null对象或者函数
if ((typeof x === 'object' && x !== null) || typeof x === 'function') {
let called; // promise2的调用限制,防止多次调用成功和失败
// 去取值的then,可能会出错,使用try
try {
let then = x.then;
if (typeof then === 'function') {
// 如果是函数,则去调用,调用要 call then user x
// y => resolve , r => reject
then.call(
x,
y => {
if (called) {
return;
}
called = true;
// resolve中很可能再次返回一个Promise实例
resolvePromise(promise2, y, resolve, reject);
// resolve(y)
},
r => {
if (called) {
return;
}
called = true;
reject(r);
}
);
} else {
if (called) {
return;
}
called = true;
resolve(x);
}
} catch (error) {
if (called) {
return;
}
called = true;
reject(error);
}
} else {
// 否则就是普通值
resolve(x);
}
};
class Promise {
constructor(execute = () => {}) {
// Promise整体状态
this.status = PENDING;
// 成功回调
this.onFulfilledCb = [];
// 失败回调
this.onREjectedCb = [];
let resolve = value => {
if (this.status === PENDING) {
this.status = RESOLVE;
this.value = value;
this.onFulfilledCb.forEach(cb => cb());
}
};
let reject = value => {
if (this.status === PENDING) {
this.status = REJECT;
this.value = value;
this.onREjectedCb.forEach(cb => cb());
}
};
// 如果执行函数内有错误,则直接抛出
try {
execute(resolve, reject);
} catch (error) {
reject(error);
}
}
then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
// 判断是不是函数,如果是函数,则往下执行,如果不是函数,则给一个函数,返回当前值
onFulfilled = typeof onFulfilled === 'function' ? onFulfilled : data => data;
onRejected =
typeof onRejected === 'function'
? onRejected
: err => {
throw err;
};
let promise2 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
// 同步执行
// 成功执行
if (this.status === RESOLVE) {
/**
* 这段逻辑不可抽离出去,抽离出去会报错 cannot access 'promise2' before initialization
* 猜测可能在执行函数,将抽离出去的代码返回时,new Promise还没有执行完毕
*/
setTimeout(() => {
try {
let x = onFulfilled(this.value);
resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
} catch (error) {
reject(error);
}
}, 0);
}
// 失败执行
if (this.status === REJECT) {
setTimeout(() => {
try {
let x = onRejected(this.value);
resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
} catch (error) {
reject(error);
}
}, 0);
}
// 异步执行
if (this.status === PENDING) {
this.onFulfilledCb.push(() => {
setTimeout(() => {
try {
let x = onFulfilled(this.value);
resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
} catch (error) {
reject(error);
}
}, 0);
});
this.onREjectedCb.push(() => {
setTimeout(() => {
try {
let x = onRejected(this.value);
resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
} catch (error) {
reject(error);
}
}, 0);
});
}
});
return promise2;
}
finally(cb) {
return this.then(
// 这里将 resolve.then返回,是为了保证 cb 中的代码执行完毕,返回then中返回的Promise
data => this.resolve(cb(data)).then(() => data),
err =>
this.resolve(cb(err)).then(() => {
throw err;
})
);
}
static resolve = arg => {
if (isPromise(arg)) {
let promise2 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
try {
let x = arg.then();
resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
} catch (error) {
reject(error);
}
}, 0);
});
return promise2;
} else {
return new Promise(resolve => {
resolve(arg);
});
}
};
static all = values => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
let arr = [];
let index = 0;
const pushIn = (key, data) => {
arr[key] = data;
index++;
if (index === values.length) resolve(arr);
};
for (let i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
const item = values[i];
if (isPromise(item)) {
item.then(data => {
pushIn(i, data);
}, reject);
} else {
pushIn(i, item);
}
}
});
};
static defer = () => {
let dfd = {};
dfd.promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
dfd.resolve = resolve;
dfd.reject = reject;
});
return dfd;
};
static deferred = this.defer;
static author = 'lxh';
}